Reflection Of My Clinical Scenario - 1090 Words

Upon reflection of my clinical scenario, I believe I thoroughly integrated Watson’s carative factor encompassing providing a supportive environment by enhancing the comfort and support of Mrs. Jones to provide optimal nursing care. I was intentional on making Mrs. Jones comfortable and ensuring she had a healing environment by using therapeutic touch, providing authentic presence, and providing a caring environment. I was conscious in my actions and thoughts in order to focus on what would ideal for Mrs. Jones, which included observing her nonverbal communication and adjusting both my verbal and nonverbal communication to accommodate a supportive environment for Mrs. Jones. Therapeutic touch was a significant form of communication between Mrs. Jones and I. â€Å"Touch is a form of communication, used to reinforce simple verbal instructions with cognitively impaired adults, and as a primary form of communication† (Arnold, 2011, p. 387). I was aware of Mrs. Jones’ responses to my use of therapeutic touch and found that she had responded by looking at me, smiling, and relaxing her body posture. Mrs. Jones’ response to my use of therapeutic touch showed a major impact on her environment and had allowed her to feel comfortable in a more supportive environment. Providing presence is a person-to-person experience that shows a sense of caring by â€Å"being there† and â€Å"being with† the client, communicating both verbally and non-verbally, and giving your full attention (Perry Sams, 2010). IShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Standardized Patients ( Sps )1605 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the second week of class, one of my fellow classmates and I were provided a scenario and the opportunity to engage with standardized patients (SPs), provide care, and develop our caring techniques (Bornais, J., El-Masri, M., Krahn, R. Raiger, J., 2012). The scenario provided involved Brandon Sharp, a gentleman who suffered a spinal cord injury. W hen providing care for Brandon, my partner and I began by completing a focused assessment of his nervous system and then moved on to bathing theRead MoreNursing Reflection Paper1150 Words   |  5 PagesCritical thinking and clinical reasoning are essential for a sound clinical judgement. Nurses use critical thinking models and processes to support and organize the interventions that they perform in the clinical setting. In the scenario of Mr. Patient requesting for a DNR order, I used the nursing process to formulate appropriate nursing actions and the lasater’s clinical judgment model guide my reflection. In this paper, I will describe the skills that was used in relation to nursing processRead MoreNursing Simulation Reflection Paper1317 Words   |  6 Pages Simulation Reflection Anything†¦ the word I professed some time ago. I prayed the prayer that I would do anything. The woman who tends to always be in a state of trepidation, prayed that she would do anything for Him. From that one word, many plans surfaced. I had hoped that it was just spontaneous thoughts and that they did not mean anything. Among the list, was the idea of becoming a nurse. It was an outlandish notion. How on earth could I be a nurse? Somehow that random thought has turnedRead MoreNursing Reflection Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesReflection on a clinical Skill This essay will discuss a clinical skill in which I have become competent in practicing as a student nurse. I will use a reflective model to discuss how I have achieved the necessary level of competence in my nurse training programme. The reflective model I have chosen to use is Gibbs model (Gibbs 1988). Gibbs model of reflection incorporates the following: description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and an action plan (Gibbs 1988). The model willRead MoreEvaluation Of A Clinical Skills Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will discuss a clinical skill in which I have become competent in practicing. I will use a reflective model to discuss how I have achieved the necessary level of competence in my nurse training programme. The reflective model I have chosen to use is Gibbs model (Gibbs 1988). Gibbs model of reflection incorporates the following: description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and an action plan (Gibbs 1988). The model will be applied to the essay to facilitate critical thought,Read MoreRelationship Between An Experienced Registered Nurse Essa y1218 Words   |  5 Pagesexperienced registered nurse who is tasked with providing individual attention to and facilitating the induction of the preceptee through coaching, supervision, role modeling and reflection. This integral role influences our future professionals, by assisting and supporting them through a planned orientation in a specific clinical setting. Smedley (2008) and Ulrich (2012) suggest that the preceptor supports the improvement of practical skills, theoretical understanding, and professionalism in precepteesRead MoreEssay on Clinical Reflection Journal700 Words   |  3 PagesClinical Experience Reflection Journal Name: Date: Week 1. Choose one patient (new mother, newborn, or pregnant/laboring woman) and identify the priority problem. What did you contribute toward resolving or easing the problem? N/A for this week 2. Provide an example of an incident during clinical that reinforced the theory you have learned in OB lectures. An incident that reinforced what I have learned in lecture was the postpartum hemorrhage simulation. I learned how chaoticRead MoreThe Novice Nurse : Bridging Gap Between Education And Clinical Practice Essay1442 Words   |  6 PagesThe preceptor assists the novice nurse in bridging the gap between education and clinical practice (Sonya Blevis, 2016). In an NETP (Nurse Entry To Practice), a new graduate is partnered with an experienced nurse who is proficient in teaching a novice. New graduate nurse gets to work in the ward for 1 year and have 6 weeks of orientation phase. Staff nurse introduces the new staff member to the nursing, medical and non-medical team, orientates to the unit and guides until the orientation is completeRead MoreReflection on Video Vignette Pregnant Stroke1011 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay, I aim to elaborate on my knowledge and understanding of therapeutic communication prior to and after observing the video ‘Handover’ relating to â₠¬ËœPregnant stroke’; scenario-based videos. In particular, my focus is to relate the techniques utilized in the video for therapeutically communicating with the client with construction and enhancement of my personal skills of therapeutic communication, through analyzation and reflection. The video initiated as the paramedic staff informedRead MoreInterprofessional Communication in Healthcare910 Words   |  4 PagesReflection on the Handover Video Vignette The issue of inter-professional communication is a critical aspect of contemporary healthcare to enhance team communication and collaboration; its unique principle is the ability of building mutual trust, understanding and support in healthcare environment (Portsmouth, Coyle amp; Trede, 2012). More importantly, it ensures patient’s intensive care and outcomes effectively. In this reflective essay, by approaching the 5Rs framework for reflection,

Different Types of Leadership and Liberalism Essay

We shall first start by defining a leader as a whole. Who is a leader? Basically a leader is someone who gives directions to others, that is he or she is in charge and takes responsibility of the people being led by him or her. Hence leadership comes from leader meaning the act of portraying the qualities and role of a leader. Leaders tend to be more of serving the people rather than commanding as many may think. They show qualities such as being caring, focused, committed and have a high sense of integrity including many other qualities. With that then we can relate Leadership to Liberalism. Liberalism has been defined by Crawford (2000) as â€Å"the visualization and pursuit of political schemes which have no obvious connection to the world†¦show more content†¦In short, the U.S ever since does rely on the Middle East for oil as the Carter administration started importing oil from Canada. Today, Canada is the main source of oil in the U.S. Mr. Nye (2013) in an article differentiates between different leaders of the United States. For example he gives an example of Woodrow Wilson and the first George Bush. Wilson made a costly and mistaken bet on the Treaty of Versailles at the conclusion of the First World War. His noble vision of an American-led League of Nations was partially vindicated in the long term. But he lacked the leadership skills to implement this vision in his own time, and this shortcoming contributed to America’s retreat into isolationism in the 1930s. In the case of Bush 41, the president’s lack of what he called â€Å"the vision thing† limited his ability to sway Americans’ perceptions of the nation and its role in the world. But his execution and management of policy was first-rate. We therefore end seeing results from the two leaders of Liberalism. Though Wilson led to the U.S living a realism perspective in the late 1930;s, we see that the U.S at this time was not as infl uential as it was after the second world war. The U.S engaged into the globalization of the world and started maintaining good relations with other nation states. It is here that the U.S regained its position as a super power. Transformational leaders are important because they make choices that most other leaders would not. But a keyShow MoreRelatedConservatism And Liberalism914 Words   |  4 Pagesregulations, people with unfavorable circumstance and minorities can be benefit from lower taxes, less government regulation. Liberalism will support in a more active role of the government, by helping with a higher financially spending, regulation, and policies that will enable them to achieve a greater social equality to minorities and the unfavorable ones. Conservatism and liberalism have been a part of the political ideas and thoughts from the beginning of the of the American democracy. The democracyRead MorePolitics, Realism, Liberalism And Liberty1507 Words   |  7 Pageschallenges thoughts on existing theories and helps to develop the understanding of political concepts that are often deemed to be effective or ineffective. This essay will refer to some concepts and theories such as Political Corruption, Realism, Liberalism and Liberty. It will explore the kind of things academics generally try to find out through studying politics to explore these topics and what they should possibly be looking for instead when studying politics. Political Corruption covers a broadRead MoreEssay on American Political Parties1300 Words   |  6 Pagessystem is more particularly so. The American system comprises of enormous bureaucracies, huge bicameral legislatures and extensively elaborate committee systems. In addition, there are many layers of courts in the jurisdiction system, each with a different political structure that compounds the fragmentation even further, making the American government an even more complicated structure. There are also multiple interest groups in political America as well as in many modern systems. These groups areRead MoreThe Activism : How Bernie Sanders Campaign Can Help Us Understand Modern Activism1008 Words   |  5 Pageswhile Sanders had a higher percentage of male supporters than females, and more white than non-white supporters, the differences were less than 10%. However, the greatest differences in demographics between Sanders and Clinton supporters was among different age groups an d political affiliations. Sanders pulled a significant majority of independents (67 compared to Clinton’s 28%), reflecting a frustration with the current political system, and among voters under 45 (59 to 34%). These younger votes tendRead MoreSpread Of Nationalism Throughout Europe1505 Words   |  7 PagesNapoleon conquered France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and most of Western Germany and northern Italy. He justified French expansion and military campaigns with the claim that France had the right to spread the enlightened ideals and liberalism, believe that government should promote equality for all. France had just undergone a bloody revolution that supported the ideals of â€Å"liberty, equality, and fraternity†. When Napoleon was conquering lands, these ideas spread with him. The inadvertentRead MoreComparing Isaiah Berlin And Stuart2275 Words   |  10 Pagesalternative, and human liberals way of thinking in an analytic tradition sharply diverges f rom how people think of traditions. Isaiah Berlin and Stuart Hampshire influenced Taylors thinking of positive and negative thinking. Taylor extended the humanist liberalism of Hampshire and Berlin, while perfectly drawing the insights of an ontological turn leading to the question of how other philosophers could theorize and defend his arguments. On the other hand, Taylor drew heavily from the insights of Heidegger’sRead More The Marginalization of Minority Groups in The Electoral System1362 Words   |  6 Pagesalso ensure that racial, ethnic, and social diversity is reflected in national leadership. This paper will aim to create to create a strong electoral system that promotes the sustainability and longevity of democracy amidst racial and ethnic cleavages. To do so, I will show that proportional representation under parliamentary system can not only bridge the gap between underrepresented minorities and national leadership, but also ensure that there is a more equitable diffusion of power. I will focusRead MorePoli 330 Entire Course – Devry (Dqs -Checkpoints Critical Paper)4649 Words   |  19 Pagesthis is the case? Please be sure to provide a specific example from the text to support your response. Week 2 discussion Types of Power (graded) If politics truly defines who gets what, when, where, and how, then those that succeed at this game must have some advantage in doing so. This advantage comes from power. So, what is the definition of power? And what types of power are utilized in the political realm? Theories Regarding the State (graded) Chapter 4 begins with a description ofRead MoreArticle Abstracts: Concept of Nazism1283 Words   |  5 Pagesapproach that identifies key figures, events, and historical trends in Germany and the world during the development and progress of the Nazi party and Nazism, Hayek concludes that there was a movement both by the far-left and the far-right against the liberalism of the period following World War I, and that it was the combination and conflagration of these forces and sentiments that led to the rise of the Nazi party. Bessel, R. (1986). Political violence and the rise of Nazism. New York: Yale UniversityRead MorePoli 330 Entire Course (Dqs -Checkpoints Critical Paper)9209 Words   |  37 Pagesthink this is the case? Please be sure to provide a specific example from the text to support your response. Week 2 discussion Types of Power (graded) If politics truly defines who gets what, when, where, and how, then those that succeed at this game must have some advantage in doing so. This advantage comes from power. So, what is the definition of power? And what types of power are utilized in the political realm? Theories Regarding the State (graded) Chapter 4 begins with a description of Plato’s

Consumer Behaviour Purchase Decision Process

Question: Discuss about the Consumer Behaviour for Purchase Decision Process. Answer: Introduction Consumer purchase decision process refers to series of steps that a consumer crosses before buying the ultimate product of his choice. Different factors, characteristics and specificities have an impact on the consumer and these factors influence the consumer in the decision making process and purchasing behaviour. A purchase decision may be the result of one or all of the factors (Wilson et al., 2012). The domains under which these factors may be categorised are cultural, social, personal and psychological. Among the four kinds of factors, it has been found that social factors significantly have a greater impact on the product and consumer purchase decision process at all stages. Marketers attempt to implement their marketing methods based on this consumer purchase decision process considering the factors that impact the overall buying process (Hair Lukas, 2014). ABC is an apparel company that aims to establish itself as one of the most recognised names in the apparel industry. The company manufactures clothing for both the genders. In order to fulfil the aims it has, ABC must have a robust marketing plan giving focus on the consumer purchasing behaviour. The present report identifies two social influences that are relevant to the consumers of ABC Company and discusses how the social factors impact on the consumer purchase decision process. The report also discusses how marketers of ABC Company can apply the understanding of the social influences for improving the marketing strategies of the company. Impact of social influences on the consumer purchase decision process Consumer behaviour is the selection, purchase, and buying of products and accessing services for attaining the satisfaction that is desired. A number of factors impact the mindset of the consumers and the views they have with regards to a certain product. Whether the consumer would buy a certain product or choose a particular service depends on these factors. The factors together lead a customer to select a certain product or service among the other options available (Jobber Ellis-Chadwicl, 2012). Hollensen (2015) state that social factors have the greatest impact on the consumer purchase decision process. The social factors refer to the external influences on the purchase decisions of the consumers either in a direct or an indirect way. Three major social factors that influence purchase decisions are social status and role, family and reference group. All the three social factors influence the purchasing decisions of a consumer while buying apparel and therefore are significant for ABC Company. Social status and role- the position an individual holds within the society, in his family, his workplace and his circle of friends is defined as the social status and role he possess. A social role is the activities that the individual carries out and attitudes he have. These are found to be developing as per the position he holds at work, the gender, the profession he chooses and the expectations he has to meet considering the environment around him. The apparels that an individual buys is based on this social role and status and the buying process is marked by the impact of the social environment on the individual. For instance, a consumer may have the desire to buy apparels from the top apparel brand for the quality of the apparel. However, this decision may also be due to the desire to show external signs of social success. The success and standard the individual has in society drives the individual to buy the apparel that is of high price and representing high class (McKenzie-M ohr, 2013). Moreover, chances are high that a person holding a respectable position in an organisation and wearing clothes from not-so famous brands would get less attention from the stakeholders in his company than if he is wearing apparels from a top brand. Such behaviour is found at all levels of the society. Brands must have the understanding of this concept and create a brand image for their products that reflect a significant social status (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2013). Family- The family can be the most influential social factor for a section of the population. Family forms the milieu of socialisation and it is within this environment that the individual shape the personality, evolve and acquire values. This atmosphere of socialisation also helps in developing opinions and thoughts on various subjects, like clothing and food choices. Consumer behaviour is significantly impacted by the family members of the individual. For example, if an individual has not bought any apparel of a certain brand previously and a family member gives a negative feedback about the brand, it is likely that the individual would not consider buying clothes from that brand (Eagle et al., 2013). According to Lang Armstrong (2016) a certain brand may be making apparels of a certain material and if a family member has given build up a particular viewpoint about the material, there is less chance that the individual would buy apparels from that brand. Reference groups- As stated by MacInnis et al., (2014) membership group refers to the social group an individual belongs to, and it is this membership group that has the ability to influence him in due course of purchasing a product. A membership group relates to the age, social origin, work, leisure, and hobbies. Reference groups possess the potential to form an individuals behaviour and attitude. The influence that the reference group makes is found to be varying across brands and products. For products such as apparels, the influence made by reference groups is high. The reference group provides to the buyer certain aspect of comparison directly or indirectly about the consumer habits. The groups have an impact on the image an individual has about himself and his behaviour. As opined by Hoonsopon and Puriwat (2016) the wishes and desires that an individual has about buying an apparel results from what the reference group suggests. An individual may like to buy the same product tha t a member of the reference group has bought. For example, a teenager may want to buy a dress that her friend has bought. A young boy may want to buy a shirt in order to be accepted by his group of friends. Reference group may be impacting purchasing process either by providing suggestions or by advising a product. Reference groups, therefore, does not permit evaluation of products before buying; rather it compels an individual to buy a product (Matulich, et al., 2015). How marketers can apply the understanding of social influences on consumer behaviour to improve marketing strategies For becoming a successful consumer-based company, one must work by understanding the psychology of consumers for procuring consumers. By considering the social factors, marketing strategy can be made favourable for the company and goals of the valuable consumers can be fulfilled (Kotler et al., 2015). Shani and Chalasani (2013) highlight that consumer satisfaction is the objective of marketing for all organisations big or small and factors affecting consumer buying behaviour must be made the fundamental driving force for marketers. ABC needs to suitably apply the understanding of social influences on consumer behaviour for improving the companys marketing strategy. A number of marketing strategies are in place that can guide ABC in successfully reaching to its target customers. The most important strategies that ABC can consider for its marketers are as follows: Marketing mix: 4 Ps The marketing mix is a basic concept in the field of marketing. It is a widely used marketing strategy tool that helps in defining key concerns effecting marketing of the products by a firm and pursuing marketing objectives (Huang Sarigll, 2014). Rahmani et al., (2015) highlighted the four broad levels of marketing decisions and elaborated the marketing mix technique. According to the author, the four domains that a marketer must look into while setting the marketing plan are product, place, promotion and price. These 4 Ps are elementary to any marketing plan as it helps in evaluating the appeal of the product. ABC must use an appropriate marketing mix considering the 4 Ps for achieving the business goals. In order to establish itself at the highest peak of success in the apparel industry, it has to make a craze of the brand among the enthusiasts of fashion. Product- ABC needs to way out means to respond quickly to the evolving needs of the target customers. The exclusive selling preposition needs to be an imitation of the latest trends in the apparel industry. Customer survey regarding their choices as per the latest fashion is to be carried out to understand the recent needs and choices customers have. Seasonal variations are to be included in the range of apparels. Usually, apparels following the new trends are sold very fast in comparison to other apparels made following the previous trends. In case ABC founds that the products are not selling as desired, it must immediately pull them out from the stores. The launch of new products must consider the cultural needs of the people. It is desirable that ABC reaches out to the local people and understands what their choices are with relation to apparels. Designs must consider the integration of local traditions with modernisation (Singh Sarvanan, 2013). Pricing- ABC needs to give special attention to the products of the apparels. It is to be kept in mind that the products must be available at a reasonable rate. However, since the target customers also include cream customers, premium stores of the ABC apparels selling some special products can be set up. A premium pricing strategy can lead to optimisation of development as well as training costs (Gupta Hodges, 2012). Promotion- the best promotional strategy for ABC would be to have anything unique. The zero investment in marketing would be a suitable marketing option for the company. The company can use the money set aside for advertising for opening more stores. The key marketing strategy would be based on affordability, differentiation, and exclusivity. In essence, promotion of the brand would be based mostly on word of mouth advertisement. The products mainly target age group of 18-50 years. The reason for this is that this particular group is more fashion conscious (Wolfe, 2014). The showrooms are to be given special attention in order to draw the attention of the customers. Well groomed attendants and elegantly made showrooms would effectively promote the brand and reach to the consumers. The theme of the brand needs to be uber fashion that is common for all ages. Use of innovative window display along with store and ensemble grouping would successfully attract customers (Yan et al., 2012). Place- in order to reach out to the maximum number of consumers and cater all the needs of the consumers, ABC must make itself a stand out brand by being a vertically integrated retailer. This implies that the company needs to design, manufacture and distribute the products itself. This would be working since customers would develop a trust and loyalty for the apparel products (Na Na, 2015). Another very crucial factor is that ABC must imbibe in it the culture of the places where it wants to open stores. This would be a real strength for the company and cater the needs of the consumers. Young designers can be hired and given adequate training for incorporating their culture and choices in the designs of the products (Hultn, Vanyushyn, 2014). Segmentation Strategy The segmentation strategy of ABC needs to be based on the typical demographics that the target customers have, like psychographics, age, and gender. Moreover, the company must also consider targeting the customers on the basis of the style and the fashion sense they have, for instance, classic, trendy, grunge and contemporary. The marketers must blend the ethnicity along with tastes of the customers. The products must match the products with the settings in which they are sold. In relation to the personal knowledge and information read, marketers of ABC must clearly segment itself into different regions. This would demonstrate the demographic intentions regarding segmentation of customers having different tastes and choices and pricing preferences. The company must produce the complete value of its products on a dissimilar manner from other brands (Kotler et al., 2015). Targeting Strategy ABC must target a wide gap in the retail market in order to have a robust targeting strategy. The firm needs to target customers who have a consistent interest in the high fashion apparels. These customers have the desire to be in-line with the latest fashion trends; however, they cannot afford clothes from high-end boutiques and couture. Launching the outlets in locations that are high profile is an appropriate measure. Customers can be provided with a turnover time frame of around 5 weeks for the newly available collections. These collections would be priced at nearly a fraction of what it would cost at couture (Lahiri Siddika, 2014). The marketers must carry out primary as well as secondary research for creating demographics options. The firm can implement a fashion direction by targeting older age group customers who are willing to use apparels that make them look young. High fashions following customers are to be targeted and modern clothing is to be produced keeping in mind th eir desires (Lee et al., 2014). Positioning and Differentiation Strategy The main objective of ABC with regards to positioning needs to be democratize fashion.' ABC needs to position itself as a low cost brand that delivers the actual value of the product that is sold. Products need to be high fashion, accessible and trendy. Moreover, it needs to position itself as a popular brand within the group of generation Y (Islam et al., 2014). ABC can differentiate itself from the other apparel brands by offering low value for high quality. Quality received is a major factor that influences the buying decision process of consumers. Good quality at an affordable price is what all customers want. Lastly, ABC must spend enormous time in researching for the future trends. The reason for this is that the firm must design the product line half a year prior to its launch. Following these marketing strategies, ABC would accomplish its set goals and objectives and achieve further growth and set a benchmark in the apparel industry (Kotler et al., 2015). Conclusion How consumers respond to marketing messages put forward by different brands and how they make purchasing decision is a topic of significance for marketers across all industries. Social influences are found to be quite diverse, and such kind of influencers encompasses the consumers social interaction, family, work and the group that a person affiliates with. The living conditions, income level, the social class also fall into this category of influencers. Social factors need to be critically analysed while developing the marketing plans for a certain firm. By the identification and understanding of the factors influencing the customers, ABC has the good opportunity to develop an effective strategy for marketing its apparels to a broad range of consumers. Marketing mix, targeting, positioning, differentiation, and segmentation are the key concerns in relation to a robust marketing plan, and a suitable combination of all these factors would lead to success for the company. References Czinkota, M. R., Ronkainen, I. A. (2013).International marketing. Cengage Learning. Eagle, L., Dahl, S., Hill, S., Bird, S., Spotswood, F., Tapp, A. (2013).Social marketing. Pearson Education. Gupta, M., Hodges, N. (2012). Corporate social responsibility in the apparel industry: An exploration of Indian consumers' perceptions and expectations.Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal,16(2), 216-233. Hair Jr, J. F., Lukas, B. (2014).Marketing research. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Hoonsopon, D., Puriwat, W. (2016). The effect of reference groups on purchase intention: Evidence in distinct types of shoppers and product involvement.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),24(2), 157-164. Huang, R., Sarigll, E. (2014). How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer New York. Hultn, P., Vanyushyn, V. (2014). Promotion and shoppers' impulse purchases: the example of clothes.Journal of Consumer Marketing,31(2), 94-102. Islam, M. M., Islam, M. M., Azim, A. Y. M. A., Anwar, M. R., Uddin, M. M. (2014). Customer perceptions in buying decision towards branded Bangladeshi local apparel products.European Scientific Journal,10(7). Jobber, D., Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2012).Principles and practice of marketing(No. 7th). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L., Armstrong, G. (2015).Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Lahiri, I., Siddika, H. (2014). Fashion Behaviour: Detangling Promotional Factors.Globsyn Management Journal,8(1/2), 64. Lang, C., Armstrong, C. M. (2016). Personal Attributes: Influences on Clothing Disposal Reasons and Frequency.Journal of Family Consumer Sciences,108(3), 41-47. Lee, C. H., Wong, H. R., Kao, T., Hu, J. (2014). A study on the conceptualization of apparel brand.International Review of Management and Business Research,3(1), 24. MacInnis, D. J., Park, C. W., Priester, J. W. (2014).Handbook of brand relationships. Routledge. Matulich, E., Haytko, D. L., Amin, K. (2015). Multiple Attitude Functions Served by Products: Consumer Behavior Implications. InMarketing, Technology and Customer Commitment in the New Economy(pp. 226-226). Springer International Publishing. McKenzie-Mohr, D. (2013).Fostering sustainable behavior: An introduction to community-based social marketing. New society publishers Na, Y., Na, D. K. (2015). Investigating the sustainability of the Korean textile and fashion industry.International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology,27(1), 23-33. Rahmani, K., Emamisaleh, K., Yadegari, R. (2015). Quality Function Deployment and New Product Development with a focus on Marketing Mix 4P model.Asian Journal of Research in Marketing,4(2), 98-108. Shani, D., Chalasani, S. (2013). Exploiting niches using relationship marketing.Journal of Services Marketing. Singh, N., Sarvanan, R. (2013). A Comprehensive Study on Female Buying Behaviour for Apparel Segment in Coimbatore.International Journal of Textile and Fashion Technology (IJTFT),1(3), 67-82. Wilson, A., Zeithaml, V. A., Bitner, M. J., Gremler, D. D. (2012).Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm. McGraw Hill. Wolfe, M. G. (2014). Fashion Marketing Merchandising.terminology,27(31), 126-139. Yan, R. N., Hyllegard, K. H., Blaesi, L. F. (2012). Marketing eco-fashion: The influence of brand name and message explicitness.Journal of Marketing Communications,18(2), 151-168.

Work in Aviation and Medicine †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Work in Aviation and Medicine. Answer: Introduction: Australian economy is one of the fastest growing economy in the western nations that has been growing through its 27th consecutive growth stage (McCombie Thirlwall, 2016). With the aim to achieve sustainability Australian economy is cannon balling the annual growth rate with the rapid production in the mining industry as well as substantial improvement in the GDP share of the service sector (Byrne, Fernald Reinsdorf, 2016). In addition to this, it has been found that the economy is having high flow of foreign tourists to the Australia that has been making it one of the sustainable economy in the world. Well, in this regard it is important to mention that various Australian airline industry plays a significant role in the growth of the countrys GDP. Combining all the airline industries, it can be seen that they represent 1.2% of countrys GDP and has produced more than 35,000 jobs in the economy (Zhang et al. 2018). Considering the importance of the airline industry in the Australian economy, this report is aimed to study the airline market with special focus to the Qantas airline and find out the insight details regarding the market structure of the same. In addition to this, the report is aimed to provide economic interpretation of the market structure and provide contrast to the characteristics of the chosen industry. C and it is the third oldest airline in the world. Introduced back in 1920, it was initially focused to provide air service to the domestic passengers and during 1935 it went for its first international flight (Shaffner, Mills Helms, 2017). According to the statistics of 2014, Qantas is accounted for 65% of providing service to 65% of domestic customers and when it comes to the international customers then it enjoys a healthy share of 14.9% out of total out going passengers (Domestic aviation activity, 2018). It has at least 11 subsidiaries, which are focused on the trunk roads to gain higher amount of profit and deter the new entrants to enter into the Australian airline industry. Since 2008 post recession though the profit share of the Qantas has fell substantially, however it enjoys sustainable income from its domestic and international flights combined. The firm has produced 29,596 employment in the year 2017 and with the 806% of passenger load factor it can be stated that the f irm is performing goof business with their effective strategies to control the market (Australia domestic airline market outlook, 2018). Structure of the selected industry: Australian airline market is a duopoly market, which is another type of oligopoly. In Australian airline industry there are only two large players who enjoy 92% of the market share making the existence of the other players minimal (Forsyth, 2018). Under the duopoly market structure the Qantas is accounted to 62% of the market share alone and its nearest competitor, which is virgin blue enjoys 30% of the total airline market share (Australian Airline Industry Parliament of Australia, 2018). According to the same source, contrary to Qantas and Virgin Blue, 8% of the market share is enjoyed by the other firms. However, post 2002, Australian airline market was an oligopoly market, where the large three players were present, namely Qantas, Virgin Blue and the Ansett and there were small regional airline service providers too who used to enjoy considerable amount of market share. During that time Qantas was accounted for 39% of total airline market share and the market leader was Ansett w ith market share of more than 42% (Domestic aviation activity, 2018). However, post 2003, Ansett closed its operation and the market transformed into a duopoly market, where only two players, namely Virgin Blue and Qantas operate and the prior one has become the market leader with 62% of market share (Australia domestic airline market outlook, 2018). Considering the market share statistics, it can be seen that that the present firms are highly diverse in case of market share that makes it hard for the Virgin Blue with the Qantas. And on the other hand trunk airlines are nowhere near to the potential of the Qantas that has made it the market leader as well as the price setter. In addition to this, it has also been seen that the trunk airline duopoly has went to an end during 2003 due to the absence of Ansett all the market share has been absorbed by the Qantas (Helmreich Merritt, 2017). Thus, though prior to 2003, Australian airline industry was an oligopoly market, however, over th e time in absence of Ansett it has become a duopoly market. And when the trunk road is considered, then it is a monopoly market, where the market is controlled by the Qantas. The selected industry is an Australian airline industry, which operates under the duopoly framework. According to the duopoly model of economy, it is a special form of oligopoly where the number of market player is limited to two. Considering the case of the Australian airline industry it can be seen that the Australian airline has two market player, which are namely Qantas and Virgin Blue that makes it a duopoly market (Zhang, Sampaio Fu, 2016). On the other hand oligopoly is the market framework, where the number of players in the market is higher than two. Under the duopoly market, products are differentiated and each product have some amount of customer loyalty that provides the firm some amount of monopoly power (Feng, Li Li, 2014). On the other hand like oligopoly as the policy to promote the product, duopoly utilize the advertising technique and for deterring the new entrants brand loyalty as well as price cut is utilized by the firms. In case of the Australian airline indus try same principal can be observed, where the market is controlled by the Qantas that provides it much amount of monopoly power and along with the brand preference of customers the Australian airline deters the new entrants through price cut or coordinating pricing strategy. Characteristics of the chosen industry: As it has been observed through analysing the Australian airline industry, there are only two prominent market players are present. These are Qantas and the other one Virgin Blue. When it comes to the number of sellers, then there is more than 5.28 million passengers in Australia who uses Australian airline service as their medium of transportation frequently (Andrew et al., 2015). Australian market performs under the duopoly framework and analysing the same, it can be seen that the airline duopoly of Australia is potent to deter any new entrants. Both the firms are almost same in size considering the actual potential of them, thus it makes the chances for the new entrant to penetrate the market is almost zero (Baker, Merkert Kamruzzaman, 2015). Though the competition between the Qantas and Virgin Blue is not as much severe as it used to be between the Qantas and the Ansett, however both of them are not willing to let the other player enter into the market. Thus there is entry barriers to a high magnitude and when it comes to exit, then the firm faces barriers too. Considering the case of the Ansett, it can be seen that the firm has lost all of its physical capitals that has caused them good amount of loos. Thus the barrier in the case of exit is also present. Considering the duopoly market structure, Qantas in short run earn normal profit, where the price equilibrium occurs where the marginal cost and average cost equates. On the other hand during long run Qantas enjoys supernormal profit, because the willingness to pay is higher compared to the prevailing market price (Goeters, 2017). Price determination: Between the two market players, Qantas is the largest one which enjoys almost 62% of market share; on the other hand only 30% of market share is enjoyed by the Virgin blue ("Australian Airline Industry Parliament of Australia", 2018). That makes the Qantas market leader. However, when the potential of the firms are judged, they are almost same, that makes the situation tough for both the firm. Though the price is being determined by the Qantas, however, when it comes to leisure travel, then Virgin Blue is the market leader. Under duopoly market structure, other than price competition there need to non-price competition too. In case of the Australian airline industry, it uses advertising and brand loyalty along with the price cutting as the means of non-price competition. Conclusion: From the above discussion it can be seen that the Australian airline industry is a duopoly framework, where only two large players namely, Qantas and Virgin Blue operates. Due to the considerable amount of market share, Qantas acts as the market leader and decides the price. On the other hand, the firms opts for collusive pricing strategy in order to reduce the monopoly power of each other. Thus to conclude, it can be stated that through the duopoly airline market structure, Australian economy has performed well, that has shared substantial amount of share to GDP and produced great amount of job annually. Reference: Andrew, E., De Wit, A., Meadley, B., Cox, S., Bernard, S., Smith, K. (2015). Characteristics of patients transported by a paramedic-staffed helicopter emergency medical service in Victoria, Australia.Prehospital Emergency Care,19(3), 416-424. Australia domestic airline market outlook: Qantas Group reins in capacity as Virgin continues growth. (2018).CAPA - Centre for Aviation. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://centreforaviation.com/insights/analysis/australia-domestic-airline-market-outlook-qantas-group-reins-in-capacity-as-virgin-continues-growth-218946 Australian Airline Industry Parliament of Australia. (2018).Aph.gov.au. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp0203/03RP10#aair Baker, D., Merkert, R., Kamruzzaman, M. (2015). Regional aviation and economic growth: cointegration and causality analysis in Australia.Journal of Transport Geography,43, 140-150. Byrne, D. M., Fernald, J. G., Reinsdorf, M. B. (2016). Does the United States have a productivity slowdown or a measurement problem?.Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,2016(1), 109-182. Domestic aviation activity. (2018).Bitre.gov.au. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://bitre.gov.au/statistics/aviation/domestic.aspx Feng, Y., Li, B., Li, B. (2014). Price competition in an oligopoly market with multiple iaas cloud providers.IEEE Transactions on Computers,63(1), 59-73. Forsyth, P. (2018). Predatory Behaviour in Australian Aviation Markets. InCompetition versus Predation in Aviation Markets(pp. 81-94). Routledge. Goeters, K. M. (Ed.). (2017). Aviation Psychology: Practice and Research. Routledge. Helmreich, R. L., Merritt, A. C. (2017).Culture at work in aviation and medicine: National, organizational and professional influences. Routledge. McCombie, J., Thirlwall, A. P. (2016).Economic growth and the balance-of-payments constraint. Springer. Shaffner, E., Mills, A. J., Helms Mills, J. C. (2017). Reading Qantas History: Discourses of Intersectionality and the Early Years of Qantas. InInsights and Research on the Study of Gender and Intersectionality in International Airline Cultures(pp. 445-469). Emerald Publishing Limited. Zhang, Y., Sampaio, B., Fu, X. (2016). Duopoly competition between airline groups with dual-brand services: the case of the Australian domestic market.

Title Of Paper Geography Report- Car Tarriff Cuts In South Australia

Title of Paper : Geography report- Car Tarriff Cuts In South Australia Grade Received on Report : B Most teenagers these days think sport shoes like "Nike" Or "Reebok" are too expensive. Parents also think cars cost too much. The Federal Government is about to consider slashing a special charge known as a tariff. The tariff puts a percentage on products like shoes and cars that come from overseas. Most people will agree with the government to slash this special charge because cars and stuff from overseas will be cheaper but actually this issue is stirring up a serious debate. This essay will explain the decisions that have been taken recently concerning the future of car tariffs in Australia and the effects on these decisions have upon existing patterns of employment and population within Australia. Car industry workers have been against tariff cuts, to save their factories and thousands of their jobs. A major report recommended the cuts go ahead, to make cars in Australia cheaper. The Prime Minister, John Howard had to steer a course through all the arguments to make his decision, one not everyone was happy with. According to the Australian Newspaper on June 5th, The Howard Government has decided to cut car tariffs from 15% in 2000 to 10% by 2005 after a struggle between its top economic ministers over calls for an effective tariff freeze. The outcome, which has yet to go to Cabinet, represents a victory for the Treasurer (Peter Costello) and a defeat for Mr Moore. Car tariffs are scheduled to drop from 221% to 15% in three steps of 2.5% by the year, 2000. The meetings yesterday rejected a proposal put forward by Mr Moore on June 2nd that recommended that the period for reaching the 15% target should be extended five years from 2000 to 2005. To summarise, The Cabinet has decided to accept the basic elements of a fall back option also raised by the Industry Minister on June 2nd. This proposed that the current arrangements for cutting tariffs to 15% in 2000 should be maintained, with additional reductions of 1% each year then applying through to 2005. Unions that represent thousands of Australian workers, and the Victorian and South Australian Governments, are fighting to keep tariffs on cars. They're worried that people will buy more imported cars if they become cheaper, and that companies making Australian ones might go out of business. The effect is that unemployment on local manufacturing of cars will continue to rise in Australia. Therefore the decrease in employment in manufacturing (cars) will tend to reduce the metropolitan concentration of employment and population. To conclude, the tariff percentage will officially fall as the years progress meaning local car manufacturers will soon be out of business because of the increasing competition from newly industrialising countries such as Taiwan, Korea, Malaysia and Indonesia. This will lead to the reduction of the metropolitan concentration of employment and population in Australia.

Saving Private Ryan impact of the opening scene Essay Example

Saving Private Ryan impact of the opening scene Essay Example Saving Private Ryan impact of the opening scene Paper Saving Private Ryan impact of the opening scene Paper Essay Topic: Film Saving Private Ryan is a film that was made in 1998. It has an impressive line-up that includes people such as, Stephen Spielberg as director, who has since directed other hugely successful films like King Kong and Lord of the Rings. Also there is Tom Hanks a very popular American who plays Captain John H. Miller the main character, in this Historical Drama, he has also taken part in some other hugely successful movies. Stephen Spielberg has decided that in this film he would go against the traditional conventions of other war film genres, and to use some other very effective techniques to create the atmosphere of war. He used techniques such as using a desaturated colour in the film to create the effect that you werent just simply looking back on History, but as if you were actually there and as if you were at threat of being shot! Back in those days all televisions were black and white therefore the news on the television would also have been in black and white, this shows us that the film is not just a made up story, but that these thing actually happened. The threat of you feeling as though you are really there fighting the war, and being scared of the opposition shooting you is also exaggerated by the use of hand-held cameras. This helps as it can show how the camera is shaking with being so scared aswell as the physical shaking of the ground from explosions. Plus, the camera is violently moving to show the chaos and how everybody is constantly on guard. Stephen Spielberg also creates a realistic nature during the battle scenes, he does this by showing the battles from both the Germans point of view, who are simply mowing down row after row of Americans, and the Americans point of view who are just desperate to avoid the constant shower of bullets. Showing this helps the audience to see how small the soldiers chances of survival are in such a big battle. There are four scenes in the opening battle sequence of the film. The first is The transition from present to past. In this scene realism is achieved by created an emphasis on the music, this is exaggerated further by using a military style of music. The music used for waking the men in the battle fields. The emphasis is created on the music by not using any dialogue. There are long shots of the massive number of graves that are in lines, this shows that there was huge numbers of deaths. This all happens as the family are walking towards the grave, but then as they reach the graves and the man kneels down the music continues but the camera gradually zooms in from a Medium shot on the man to an extreme close-up on his face. It ends up with just the mans watering eyes. From the watering eyes you can tells that obviously something horrific happened or his may have remembered something that is sad. Then as the camera stays focused on the eyes the music stops and you hear the thundering noise of crashing waves. This crashing leads us to think that there is going to be a build up to something. After this the camera changes to a close-up of a shaking hand. This shows how the person is very scared of what is coming. Also there are people throwing up showing us that they are extremely nervous and scared and are therefore getting sea sick. There is still no dialogue to emphasis watching what is being shown, how scared people are and that isnt going to be a pleasant memory, also the use of no sound creates tension. The second scene is the instant chaos as the soldiers arrive at the beach. This is shown by a sudden burst of guns being shot and bombs exploding, as the first soldiers jump off the boats. Also the soldiers are jumping of the boats and being shot before they hit the water, this shows how small a chance of survival there is. The German perspective is also shown, it shows the rows after row of Americans being shot down with machine guns, this shows how vulnerable the Americans were. Colour also plays a big role in this scene; grey skies are used to show the depressive feelings, and the camera colour is very much black and white, with the brightest colour being red, this is an effective way of showing the large amounts of blood. Throughout this scene there is a constant flood of bullets everywhere even underwater, this shows us how nowhere is safe at battle. The third scene is the initial reaction of Captain Miller. Initially Captain Miller becomes completely confused, this is shown in lots of different ways throughout the scene. Slow motion and muted sound is used to show how he doesnt really have a clue about what is going on around him, as well as the muted sound shows how he has almost gone deaf from the loud racket of firing guns. Shots of him looking in lots of different directions explains to us that he is confused, and is looking for help or for someone to tell him what to do. Millers point of view shots are also shown, they can tended to be blurred with some shots of horror, showing he is scared. There is a lot of screaming and shouting, but most of it you can not understand, this shows that his thoughts are just a big blur. The fourth scene is the end of the battle. Everything becomes more clear. You can hear the waves; this exaggerates that the noise of the battle has gone. The music slows down, this shows us that the chaos has ended. There is another extreme close-up on Millers eyes. This helps us see that he is in deep thought. The sea is also shown as being really red this shows how there is a lot of blood. There is a long shot of all of the bodies as the camera moves up the beach showing the huge numbers of killings. Then there is a close-up on an individual dead American, this helps us to see that there werent just huge numbers of mass killings but that there were huge numbers of individual killings. In conclusion I believe that Stephen Spielberg definitely succeeded in creating a shocking and realistic atmosphere. I believe that the most effective way that he did this was by using handheld cameras to create the feeing that you were there, this was extremely shocking as you could easily feel how scared the soldiers were. Also there was a high rate of death shown throughout, which helped the audience to see that there was a very small chance of survival. This really makes you think about scary it would be to have to go to war. It also is effective in making you want to watch more! I think Stephen Spielberg does a really good job with this film.

Public International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Public International Law - Essay Example To stop the influx of the people from the mentioned countries, the Immigration Act 1971 came into being. According to which only those Britishers who have strong links with the United Kingdom, the  Channel Islands  and the  Isle of Man had the right to abode, live and seek employment in the United Kingdom and the cited Islands2. Gone are the days when Indians, Africans and the Carribians were on the priority list of job seekers in the United Kingdom. The people of mentioned countries joined Armed Forces and Factories to help the Britishers to fight against their enemies in the World War-II and to produce war related products. Another factor of migration to Britain on the mass scale was the wages of working in the Armed Forces and the Factories, which were higher in Britain as compared to their homelands3. International Laws The International Law, unlike national laws has to address certain laws, rules and regulations, customs (interaction with the people of different countries) , respective governments, businesses entities besides rights and responsibilities in dealing with the sovereign states. The apex body responsible for making international laws must take into consideration the international norms; agreements; treaties; accords, UN charters, protocols; tribunals; memoranda’s; legal precedents of the International Court of Justice etc to adhere and to abide by the member countries4. The diverse legal systems and different historical backgrounds of different countries have compelled the countries to address international law including common law and civil law. It covers all the aspects of domestic laws, substantive laws, procedures and the remedies. The international law is heavily dependant on a) Principle of Comity   b) State Doctrine  and c) Sovereign Immunity5.   Keeping in mind the importance of International law, the developed world hires to address international issues in many of its agencies. The prominent entities are a) State Depa rtment b) Commerce and Environmental Protection Agency. There are number of lawyers who are working in a) United Nations b) World Bank c) Bureaus of American States d) International tribunals e) International Court of Justice and f) certain intergovernmental establishments. Apart from that mentioned above, there are NGOs who keep an eye on the international issues, including but not limited to, development activities, protection of human rights, environment laws, power sector, trade, arms control, drugs, human trafficking and transitional justice6.    National Laws of USA According to the US Nationality Act of 1952 (INA) â€Å"any person who is not a citizen or a national of the United States is considered as Immigrant.† U.S. Immigration law further provides a detailed guidance to the immigrants in terms of residence and naturalized citizenship, wherein they will avail full citizenship rights. It includes regulatory body, which deals with the immigrants, who intend to enter in the US with reference to how long he or she will remain in the country and when he will leave the country7. As far as the duties and obligations of US law enforcers are concerned, they can be termed as shared responsibilities. For example, Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is taking care of its responsibilities towards a) Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) b) U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

Is the Marxist critique of capitalism still relevant in the Essay

Is the Marxist critique of capitalism still relevant in the contemporary global political economy - Essay Example This system argues that many businesses would ensure the presence of diverse products and services of topmost quality at a minimal cost. (1) Probably, the biggest criticism leveled by Marxism is that, Capitalism does not ensure equitable distribution of resources as the economy is primarily controlled by few powerful entities in the market, rather than any authority of the state. This leads to a scenario where the less powerful are subjected to exploitation by the mighty market forces. (2) In capitalistic economy, a substantial chunk of the manufacturers and producers pertain to the private sector, and are propelled by the major objective of enhancing profit. In this quest of theirs’, there is every possibility of the interests of the weak market entities getting jeopardized. (2) Over the past two decades, there has been a phenomenal surge in growth of technology and telecommunications. The advent of Internet has made the globe a very small place, with the geographical distances being of almost no relevance. As a matter of fact, this technological surge played a pivotal role in speeding up the process of globalization. Interactions, both commercial and political, among various countries have now become the order of the day. The rapid strides taken by the sphere of telecommunications led to the advent of many business entities, which are being enabled to carry on operations in many economies in a highly amicable environment. These state of affairs led to a scenario conforming to the tenets of Capitalism – countless business conglomerates have emerged, and which are now wielding tremendous economic power. Capital in the market is now being controlled by numerous forces. An extensive range of products and services are now being offered to consumers, especially in relation to the scenario of the past era where choices for consumers were limited. At

People, Organizations and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

People, Organizations and Management - Essay Example The organization structure depicted narrowed perspectives due to the separateness of the different divisions. Horizontally it was separated in to divisions the two main ones being electronics and sales. Managers must have had difficulties and used a lot of time to relate to sales for instance which is an exclusively different division from product development. Consequently the reactions of the company in response to consumer demands were made more challenging. The organization structure was professional bureaucratic. In addition internal cooperation and effective communication may have been an issue. Oticon’s basic organizational design and structure differs from hotel easy due to its larger size and hence structural concepts likely to be more formal, decisions more central, experience more specialized and operations more complex. Initially, the organization vertically had a tall hierarchy with six levels of management. Easier communication and Decisions made are impeded since these processes become very slow in a company with many layers of hierarchy. The authority is mostly centralized and there was a lot of formalization. This structure does not expose the managers to other fields apart from their own. The managers have not the opportunity to observe how the all the departments interact and collectively perform. Previously option’s executives did not understand the interrelationships and the interdependence between the departments and hence ultimately what results is that the executives are only equipped with experiences in handling top management responsibilities hence the company’s goals and market needs do not mingle as they should. However the structure’s advantages are that it had well defined channels of authority and the structure minimized duplication of personnel and equipment than the one he later adopted. Functional structure makes it easier to monitor. The new C.E.O attempted to change this initial structure to

Critically Contrasting Personnel Management and Human Resource Management

Critically Contrasting Personnel Management and Human Resource Management 1. INTRODUCTION Over the last few decades with the onset of the industrial revolution, the work place has seen a change in stance with respect to its people working in organizations. The key theme resonates around the ever increasing importance being given to the employees or the human resource. It started with what theorists referred to as personnel management. Some theorists believe that personnel management evolved in to what is now called human resource management while others draw significant strategic and operational differences between them (Torrington et al. 2005). The basic difference that the researchers find between these two is their area of focus within the organisation. Personnel management looks primarily into administrative aspects of the organisation while, Human resource management, on the other hand, looks after developing, retaining and growing the human aspect the organisation. In most organisations today we see a growing importance given to this function at strategic levels. In this essay, the theory that exists for personnel management and human resource management will be critically contrasted and analysed to come to a conclusion in the debate mentioned in the previous paragraph. A number of theorists look at each of these as independent elements as well as relational elements and this essay explains the establishment of the context of each of the elements i.e. personnel management and human resource management, the change or the perceived transformation of personnel management to human resource management and drawing differences and similarities found in the existing literature to conclusively define whether there is a difference between the two or is Human Resource Management a term which is purely an evolution of personnel management. 2. THEORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT There has been a significant amount of literature that has been critical of personnel management of being low on organisational status in the recent years. The perception is widely held that the function of personnel management is limited in a reactive and administrative position and fails to hold relevance to the aims of the organisation. To elucidate this perception it should function at a strategic level (Lundy, 1994). Authors such as Drucker (1968), Watson (1977), Legge (1978) and Rowland and Summers (1981) relate personnel management to an administrative role. This could include payroll, maintaining practices with respect to regulation and other such activities. Torrington and Hall (1987) noted that personnel management looks towards the line manager for the as a key driver for the integration to the overall organizational goals. However the lack of strategic direction sometimes causes a conflict with the overall role of the manager which is more strategic in nature. Lundy (1994 ) noted that the establishment of the trade unions in UK along with the subsequent welfare movement that began with the onset of the industrial revolution in the early 19th century became the underlying cause of this conflict. Trade unions meant the workers were represented, were informed and could now demand and fight for their rights while line managers and governments considered labour as commodity. This lack of strategic composition in personnel management began to see the emergence of Human Resource Management as a replacement term. The pitfalls that were once faced with the administrative outlook of the personnel management were being eliminated by extended the boundaries to generate a more strategic role within the organization. Hence, human resource planning became aligned and was getting integrated with the overall organizational strategy. HRM, according to Bratton and Gold (2003), is a strategic approach to managing employment relations which emphasizes that leveraging peoples capabilities is critical in achieving competitive advantage. Torrington et al (2005) describe human resource management as a philosophy that deals with the carrying out of organisational activities that are people oriented and that extends to those who are not employed in the organisation. Human resource management is now, in the English speaking world, the most extensively used term that describes the activities of the management in terms of employment relationship (Boxall and Purcell 2003). A significant number of changes took place around 1994 with relation to trade unions, organisational restructuring. There was also a rise in the atypical forms of employment. With respect to these changes Beardwell and Holden (1994) suggest that: Any assessment of the emergence of Human Resource Management has, at least, to take account of this changing context of employment and provide some explanations as to the relationships that exist between the contribution HRM has made to some of these changes on one hand and, on the other hand, the impact that such changes have had on the theory and practice of HRM itself (p. 5). The human resource management can be looked at in the light of five aspects. First, the senior management considers the people problems at a more serious level. The overall delegation of responsibility lies with the line manager. Second, team work, communicating, and empowerment within employees is given a high level of importance. Third, employee development through the facilitation of training allows the employee to contribute more substantially to the organization. Fourth, every employee is considered as an individual. His or her needs are carefully assessed and emphasis is given to them. Lastly, the overall fit is considered to be around the greater strategic fit of the organization. 3. PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT VERSUS HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Personnel management is conventionally believed as having little focus over the business links that are broader in nature and it is believed that it concentrates more on the activities of the personnel professionals and also on the operational techniques within the organisation. Thus the function of it is seen as low administrative record keeping and maintenance of people. In contrast to this function, human resource management is considered to concentrate more on the business linkages and also in comparison to personnel management it is usually labelled as an established and good people management practice (Redman and Wilkinson 2006). Legge 1995 (in Beardwell and Claydon 2007: 9), lists out three significant points that show that human resource management differs from personnel management. First, HRM is concerned with the responsibility of the top managers for the management of the culture. Secondly, she states that personnel management appears to be something performed on subordin ates by managers rather than something that the latter experience themselves. Finally, she says that human resource management defines the role of the line- managers rather than personnel managers. She further argues that the three differences stated above emphasize on human resource management, in theory, of being more of a central strategic management task as compared to personnel management. Armstrong (2006) states that human resource management lays more emphasis on the strategic fit and integration and its philosophy is management and business oriented. He contrasts Human resource management from personnel management on the basis that achievement of commitment and the management of the organisation culture are given more emphasis by HRM than personnel management. Storey (1992) and Guest (1987) each carefully differentiate personnel management and human resource management. The approaches considered by both also vary. Storey (1992) looks at the differences in light of the practical aspect; Guest (1987) draws more on the psychological aspects between the two. Points of difference between Personnel management and HRM as noted by Storey (1992) Dimension Personal Management HRM 1. Beliefs and assumptions Contract Behaviour Referent Conflict Careful delineation of written contracts Norms/ customs and practice. Institutionalized. Aim to go beyond contract. Values or mission. De emphasized. 2. Strategic aspects Key relations Initiatives Corporate plan Speed of action Labour management. Piecemeal. Marginal to. Slow. Customer. Integrated. Central to. Fast. 3. Line Management Management role Key managers Communication Standardization Transactional leadership. Personnel specialists. Indirect communication. High (e.g. parity an issue). Transformational leadership. General/business/line managers. Direct communication. Low (e.g. parity not seen as relevant). 4. Key levers Selection Pay Job design Training and development Foci of attention for interventions Separate, marginal task. Job evaluation (fixed grades). Division of labour. Controlled access to courses. Personnel procedures. Integrated, key task. Performance related. Teamwork. Learning companies. Wide ranging cultural, structural and personnel strategies. TABLE: Difference between Personnel Management and Human Resource Management. Source: Storey, 1992: 35 In the table above, Storey (1992) lists possible differences that are present between personnel management and human resource management. These differences describe the strategic aspect of personnel management as labour management and of Human resource management as customer management. Conventional personnel management focuses more on rules and norms, customs of the organisation and the practices which have already been established, whereas the human resource management tends to be more inclined towards giving importance to the values and mission that are set for the organisation. The personnel management approach is particular about the establishment of policies and procedures within the organisation and it enforces conformity of employees to these rules through careful delineation of written contracts. In contrast to this aspect of personnel management, Human Resource Management tends to go by the spirit of the contract. The structure of job design followed by personnel management is division of labour i.e. different people are assigned to different areas of expertise, where as Human resource management involves teamwork in which a group of people are assigned to accomplish a goal. Points of difference between personnel management (PM) and human resource management (HRM) as noted by Guest (1987) Personnel Management Human Resource Management Psychological Contract Fair days work for a fair days pay Reciprocal commitment Locus of control External control Internal control Employee relations Pluralist approach Collective Low Trust Unitarist approach Individual High trust Organizing principles Mechanic Forma/defined roles Top down strategy Centralized Organic Flexible roles Bottom up strategy De-centralized Policy Goals Administrative efficiency Standard performance Cost minimization Adaptive work force Performance improvement Maximum utilization Table: Difference between personnel management and human resource management. Source: Guest, 1987 In the above table, Guest (1987) examines the main differences between personnel management and human resource management. Like Storey, Guest also analysis a number of segments of the organisation to draw the main differences between the two debated terms. The psychological contract, which is the mutual agreement reached between the employee and employer, was the first element of difference. While personnel management considered it as obligatory from both parties to remunerate according to work and vice-a-verse. The control in case of personnel management was an external entity while the human resource management stemmed from within. Another key factor was trust. Guest believes that the personnel management failed to generate employee trust which in the case of human resource management was the key. The mechanistic approach of personnel management meant a formal, top down and centralized approach to managing employees. Human resource management on the other hand is considered to be m ore flexible originating from employees and de-centralized. The overall aim of personnel management, according to Guest, looked at drawing the most bang from the buck while minimizing the cost. However the goals for human resource management have taken on a role of improving performance by adapting the workforce to maximize the output. Painting the overall scenario, the differences cited by Guest (1987) and Storey (1992) reflect the fact that there lie differences between personnel management and human resource management on both practical as well as psychological fronts. The overall difference in its application has been considered to draw a clearer understanding of the differences cited above. However, literature also considers a number of key similarities which underlie both aspects of employee management. 4. SIMILARITIES Strategies of both Personnel Management and Human resource management flow from the business strategy. Both have the view that managing people is the responsibility of the line managers. Soft HRM and Personnel management have identical values with regard to the respect of the individual, develop people to achieve and facilitate their own satisfaction and the organisational objectives to the maximum level (Armstrong, 2006). Poole (1999) notes that despite the differences stated there are a number of factors that provide for a number of clear similarities between human resource management and personnel management. Emphasis on integration: Poole (1999) notes that both these models emphasize on their integration with the overall organizational goals. Line management as the driver: He notes that once again human resource management and personnel management look to the line management to deploy the human resource practices and policies. Individual development: Poole (1999) considers the model of Personnel Management and contrasts it with the models of Human resource management and concludes that both state the significance of developing the individual employee to the level of his highest abilities within the organization. Also while considering work in this field he found similarities in context laid down regarding the dependent nature of the employees. Importance of selection and job allocation: Poole finds that the correct allocation of jobs to the appropriate people is an important factor in the integration with the organization. It is worth noting that the integration with the organization was the basic similarity between human resource management and personnel management. 5. RHETORIC OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Keenoy and Anthony (1992: 235) consider the relation between the employment relationship and human resource management as rhetoric and metaphors. HRM its self is shown in a positive light when words such as nurturing and organic are brought into the picture. However, other terms which described personnel management were reactive, monitoring and bureaucratic provided a negative connotation. In relation to the dominant emergence of HRM, Legge (1995) argued: The importance of HRM, and its apparent overshadowing of personnel management, lies just as much (and possibly more so) in its function as a rhetoric about how employees should be managed to achieve competitive advantage than a coherent new practice (p. xiv) Legge (in Storey 1995) further notes that there has been hype due to the existence, assumptions and epistemology of soft and hard models of HRM. This according to Bach and Sisson (2000) can be done to achieve a state of control over the workforce. The hard model of HRM deals with the employees in a less humanistic approach by referring to the more quantitative nature of reducing costs, managing head count and the overall need of the hour. While the soft model of HRM deals with the development of the employees and an overall well being of the employee. Bach and Sisson (2000) noted that the soft HRM camouflages the negative aspects of the hard HRM to paint a positive picture. In practice, both the elements of hard and soft HRM exist together and impacts the employee directly. Critiques of HRM such as Keenoy find that ambiguity in the term Human Resource Management is a remarkable feature in itself. (Beardwell and Claydon 2007) 6. CONCLUSION Human Resource Management has become the most widely used term which refer to the activities of the management of the organization towards its employees. There are a number of debates surrounding the meaning, definition and scope of HRM and personnel management. Some critics find a number of similarities between the two while others find significant contrasts between the two. Legge (1995) sets forward the view that there is no major difference between the principles and values of the two but Storey (1992) found a number of aspects that differentiate the two. To summarise, personnel management is widely observed as having an operational schematic to people management with the aim at achieving efficiency within the norms of providing justice to the employees work. From the literature, conclusions can be drawn that the difficulty faced by personnel management in obtaining credibility in the eyes of the employees paved the way for the rise of Human Resource Management. The concern about the difference between personnel management and the extent to which HRM represented a positive or negative phase in peoples management gave rise to the debate relating to the differences and similarities of HRM and conventional Personnel Management. In summary, it can be noted from the literature that the inevitable evolution of personnel management was fuelled by the lack of trust with employees and gave rise to the emergence of Human Resource Management. The hard and soft models of Human Resource Management lay evidence to this evolution by displaying characteristics of the more mechanistic aspects of personnel management.

Asian Essay -- essays research papers

Asian Financial Institutions and Markets The Asian financial markets can be compared to the economic philosophy of mercantilism, which is regulated commerce to produce a favorable balance of trade. Governments regulate production techniques to ensure the quality of exports, and in general, subsidize production in their exporting industries. Tariffs can be high on imported manufactured goods and low on imported raw materials. The state exercises much control over economic life in these environments, chiefly through corporations and trading companies. Production is carefully regulated with the object of securing goods of high quality at a low cost, thus enabling the nation to hold its place and wealth in foreign markets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Asian countries have practiced mercantilism and protectionism under the guise of complex wholesale and retail marketing systems (Baker 13). The economic performance of the four Asian economies – Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan can be attributed to some of these practices. There is a significant degree of overlap between the government and the markets, suggesting that a broad-based approach is useful in understanding the nature of the Asian economy (Chowdhury 42). The government can control and regulate the financial system in order to finance development activities. The government acts as an internal capital market funding business sectors and industries. From a historical perspective, Korea was one of the poorest countries in world after experiencing two wars, World War II and Korean War. Food shortages that led them to heavily rely on the foreign aid, and to a yearly per capita income below the poverty level, this country is considered a successful newly industrializing economy. Korea has been transformed from its underdeveloped agricultural economy to a leading newly industrializing country. Countries that can be described as newly industrialized are more dynamic with a production structure corresponding to shifts in international division of labor, and where manufacturing plays an important role (Chowdhury 2). There have been many explanations for Korea’s successful story. Among those, the strong role of government would be probably the most important one. At the same time, this would be also responsible for current recession. After Koran war, the government in fact had no sense of direction a... ...cumulation. Controlling exchange rate is another good example to describe the effect of government’s role on Korean economic development. Economic growth in this period was result by an increase in export and output and as well as price level. With this historical review of one of the Asian countries and their development it is imporant to understand how the financial institutions involved operate. even though they were blamed as a major cause of Asian financial crisis happened in Korea brining the country to the brink of insolvency, as well as weak banking system, in fact, they could be victims of misleading government policy. The long term close relationship between government and big business creating rent and using them with unbalanced support between industries had worked well in the early stage of development, but as stated early, rent can bring corruption of bureaucracy or industries also, since it is caused by inefficiency. Allocation of financial resources is not an easy job, but this would be best time for Korea to consider again about the efficiency of closed relationship between the government and businesses while the country is restructuring its economy system.

Catcher In the Rye vs. Grapes of Wrath Essay

The inherent aversion to corruption in society often inspires individuals to respond to the issue in hopes of minimizing the drastic effects it may have on people. This shared disdain for such corruption is analyzed in The Catcher in the Rye and The Grapes of Wrath. Both authors address the corruption; however they do so from different perspectives they come to differing resolutions. Both protagonists in their novels experience isolation as a result of society’s corruption; however, Salinger’s chooses to isolate himself whereas Steinbeck’s experiences isolation inadvertently. J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye and John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath share a social commentary about how corruption pervades every aspect of society and due to society’s corruption, people either experience isolation by choice or through condemnation. Alienation and isolation due to society’s corruption is relevant in both novels through the characterization of the protagonists. For example, Salinger develops Holden Caulfield, a socially inadequate teenager who distances himself from others due to their phoniness. From the onset of the novel, Salinger develops Holden’s desire to remove himself from society because of his belief that everyone is a phony. Although he disguises his motives to Old Spencer for leaving schools, Holden admits that â€Å"The reason [he] left Elkton Hills was because [he] was surrounded by phonies. That’s all. They were coming in the goddam window† (13). Holden goes to great efforts to distance himself from others believing that he alone is genuine and authentic in society. Later in the novel, Holden makes plans to go on a date with Sally Hayes and nearly cancels on account of her ‘phony language.’ Analyzing her talk Holden thinks â€Å"Grand. If there’s one word I hate, it’s grand. It’s so phony. For a second, I was tempted to tell her to forget about the matinee† (106). Holden also mentally isolates himself; he avoids social situations and even when in them, he distances himself with the confidence that whomever he is with is not worth his time. Holden’s discovery of â€Å"fuck you† being written or carved publically further augments his hatred for society’s corruption and because of them, he condemns society as a whole, not willing to make an exception for anyone. He ponders his death and thinks â€Å"If I ever die, and they stick me in a cemetery, and I have a tombstone and all, it’ll say ‘Holden Caulfield’ on it,†¦ and then right under that it’ll say ‘Fuck you.’ I’m positive, in fact† (204). Holden is positive that all of society is corrupted and he judges those he encounters, as well as those he does not, never completely grasping that he is practically suspending whatever social existence he may have had. In The Catcher in the Rye Salinger’s protagonist’s objective is to be uninvolved in societal functions due to its corruption. Similar to The Catcher in the Rye, a central focus of The Grapes of Wrath is separation from society and modern culture. Steinbeck’s protagonist, Tom Joad, upon his arrival in California, is alienated and shunned because he is labeled as an â€Å"Okie.† The reality of Tom’s alienation is revealed through the conversation he has with a migrant returning from California who found no work. The migrant man informs Tom that the term â€Å"Okie use’ ta mean you was from Oklahoma. Now it means you’re a a dirty son-of-a-bitch. Okie means you’re scum. Don’t mean nothing itself, it’s the way they say it† (206). Tom, representing his whole family, is discriminated against merely because he is from Oklahoma. After Tom and his family stop shortly on their journey the men who handle them discuss how subordinate the Okies are. The men wonder how Tom can make it through with such a junky car and they say â€Å"Them goddam Okies got no sense and no feeling. they ain’t human. A human being wouldn’t live like they do. A human being couldn’t stand it to be so dirty and miserable. They ain’t a hell of a lot better than gorillas† (221). Tom is treated like he is subordinate largely due to his socioeconomic condition, which is significantly worse than the people of California. Such harsh condemnation due to a place of origination reveals how society’s corruption has lead to the inadvertent alienation Tom receives throughout the novel. Though Holden Caulfield’s isolation from others is deliberate, and Tom Joad is involuntarily segregated, isolation as a re sult of society’s corruption plays a significant role in both novels. Salinger and Steinbeck also use different motifs to illustrate society’s corruption and its effect on people. In The Catcher in the Rye Salinger uses the motif of the preservation of innocence to clarify the gravity of society’s corruption. Holden loses his innocence as a child when his brother Allie dies. Although he cannot come to terms with his brother’s death, Holden is confident that he can find solace by saving the other innocent children from the corrupt society they live in. Holden tells his younger sister Phoebe, his main inspiration for preserving innocence, that â€Å"[he has] to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff†¦. [He will] just be the catcher in the rye and all. [He knows] it’s crazy but that’s the only thing [he’d] really like to be† (173). Holden’s only ambition in life is to rescue children from falling into society’s corruption. He is so infatuated with this notion that he even refuses to sleep with a prostitute that he has paid for. As the prostitute is waiting to do what she is getting paid for, Holden realizes how young she is and asks â€Å"Don’t you feel like talking for a while?† and then acknowledges that â€Å"It was a childish thing to say, but [he] was feeling so damn pecul iar† (95). So troubled by her lost innocence, Holden cannot bring himself to go through with it. Holden desires to drive out all evil throughout the novel, yet he realizes that he cannot. When Holden sees the words â€Å"fuck you† written in Phoebe’s school, Holden realizes that â€Å"If you had a million years to do it in, you couldn’t rub out even half the ‘fuck you’ signs in the world. It’s impossible† (202). The fact that he cannot save the world from society’s corruption is difficult for Holden to accept but instills in him even more passion to do all he can to preserve as much innocence as possible. Thus, Salinger suggests that society and its corruption is far beyond salvable despite great efforts. Society’s corrupting influence of others can also be seen through Steinbeck’s motif of society’s lies and deception. Steinbeck reveals the corruption in the car dealers as the Joad family is about to embark on their travels. The Joads need to get a car and such a process is full of lies from the car dealers who exploit the migrants’ necessities to make more profit. The dealers manipulate the migrants by the day’s bargain: â€Å"Makes folks come in though. If we sold that bargain at that price we’d hardly make a dime. Tell ‘em it’s jus’ sold† (62). The cars dealers are selling pieces of junk for ridiculous payments from the migrants who believe that they had missed the day’s bargain. Society’s corruption is also embodied by the land owners in California who are sending out the handbills asking for men to work. A ragged old man informs the Joads that â€Å"This fella wants eight hundred men. So he prints up five thousand of them things an’ maybe twenty thousan’ people sees ‘em. An’ maybe two-three thousan’ folks get movin’ account a this here han’bill† (189). The land owners are aware of the fact that migrants are so desperate for money and food and exploit their necessity by promoting their own need for people to work. When the multitudes of migrants come and are willing to work all day for only a couple biscuits, the land owners know they can use this for their own benefit by taking advantage of hard labor and little pay. Society’s corruption is depicted through the authors’ development of motifs that reveal how pervasive it truly is. Salinger and Steinbeck’s commentary on the corruption of society and its effect differs greatly in the novels’ resolution of the protagonists and the development of their motifs. Although both authors use characterization to portray their social commentary, they go about it in two different manners. While the Grapes of Wrath, with respect to social alienation, focuses more on approval among those who are convincingly greater or â€Å"high-class†, The Catcher in the Rye’s main character’s intents are to be left out of society’s affairs and people themselves. Salinger’s protagonist is a stagnant character who makes very little progress in working through society’s corruption and trying to figure out how to handle it. Holden continues to fail to preserve the innocence as well as acknowledging his inability to get over the misconception that he himself has not been tainted by the corruption. On the other hand, Steinbeck develops Tom Joad, who goes about great transformation throughout the novel. Tom continues to fight for what he knows to be a better form of society and even when he loses almost everything, continues to press on. The resolution of the two novels and their protagonists’ roles in them reveal the different views of social corruption they both have. Holden’s lack of progress reveals Salinger’s belief that the corruption permeating society is incurable. Contrasting that, Steinbeck’s dynamic protagonist who makes society a little bit better reveals his confidence that there will be a day in which society’s corruption will be minimized. The motifs developed by the two authors also expose the difference in social commentaries. Salinger’s motif of preserving innocence shows his desire to salvage what he can from society; however, Holden’s realization that such a task is impossible symbolizes his conviction that society will always be corrupt. In contrast, the lies and deceit that pervade Steinbeck’s novel reveal society’s corruption in every aspect and phase of life but he resolves his book with the Joads being successful. Although the two authors make the same social commentary about society’s corruption, Steinbeck and Salinger present their ideas in fundamentally different ways with differing resolutions of their protagonists and differing motifs. Works Cited Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Viking, 1939. Print. Salinger, J. D. The Catcher in the Rye. Boston: Little, Brown, 1951. Print. View as multi-pages

Compare and Contrast Horror Films essays

Compare and Contrast Horror Films essays Today scary movies have many things in common including events, settings, and the characters. Of course there are just as many differences used to keep the audience interested. The scary movies I am using in this essay are Scream and Urban Legends these two movies have many similarities, but they also have characteristics that make them unique. Scream and Urban Legends have similar introductions. In both of the movies a young girl is murdered within the first five minutes. This sets the mood of the rest of the movie. The audience gets a taste of the thrills and excitement to come and then the pace shows to establish the main characters and theme of each story. Although a girl is killed right away in each movie their relationships to the main theme differ. In Urban Legends, the first girl murdered, Michelle, is directly related to the killer. The killer wanted revenge on Michelle and that is why she was the first killed. However in Scream, the first girl killed, Casey didnt have anything to do with the motive of the killers. If one pays close attention it is state that the killer dated Casey and that she dumped him for Steve, who was murdered at the same time Casey was. I made the assumption that this was an act of revenge and was used to get attention. The movies have similar settings also. Both take place on a campus, Urban Legends on a college campus and Scream on a high school campus. Large parts of the movies also take place at parties held at the homes of one of the main characters. Near the beginning of each movie we are notified of an anniversary. In Urban Legends it is the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Stanley Hall massacre. One night a murdered knocked on every door on one floor killed everyone who answered then killed himself. In Scream it is the one year anniversary of Sidneys, the main characters, mothers death. Her mother raped and murdered. Sidney testified to send a man to prison, bu...

Definitions and Examples of Merisms in Rhetoric

Definitions and Examples of Merisms in Rhetoric Merism (from the Greek, divided) is a  rhetorical term for a pair of contrasting words or phrases (such as near and far, body and soul, life and death) used to express totality or completeness. Merism may be regarded as a type of synecdoche  in which the parts of a subject are used to describe the whole. Adjective: meristic. Also known as a universalizing doublet and merismus. A series of merisms can be found in marriage vows: for better for worse, for richer for poorer, in sickness and in health. English biologist William Bateson adopted the term merism to characterize the phenomenon of Repetition of Parts, generally occurring in such a way as to form a Symmetry or Pattern, [which] comes near to being a universal character of the bodies of living things (Materials for the Study of Variation, 1894). British linguist John Lyons used the term complementary to describe a similar verbal device: a dichotomized pair that conveys the concept of a whole. Examples and Observations There is a working class- strong and happy- among both rich and poor; there is an idle class- weak, wicked, and miserable- among both rich and poor. (John Ruskin, The Crown of Wild Olive, 1866)Young lions and pumas are marked with feeble stripes or rows of spots, and as many allied species both young and old are similarly marked, no believer in evolution will doubt that the progenitor of the lion and puma was a striped animal. (Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, 1871)Most people, including most academics, are confusing mixtures. They are moral and immoral, kind and cruel, smart and stupid- yes, academics are often smart and stupid, and this may not be sufficiently recognized by the laity. (Richard A. Posner, Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline. Harvard University Press, 2001)[Sir Rowland Hill] introduced the Penny Postage . . .. This introduced the concept where the sender of a letter was responsible for paying for it, and this would be a nation al service from John O’Groats to Lands End. (Peter Douglas Osborn, The Birmingham Murder Most Foul That Left Its Stamp on History. Birmingham Post, September 28, 2014) Words for Words Sake Merism, ladies and gentlemen, often looks like antithesis, but its different. Merism is when you dont say what youre talking about, and instead name all of its parts. Ladies and gentlemen, for example, is a merism for people, because all people are either ladies or gentlemen. The beauty of merism is that its absolutely unnecessary. Its words for words sake: a gushing torrent of invention filled with noun and noun signifying nothing. (Mark Forsyth, The Elements of Eloquence: How to Turn the Perfect English Phrase. Icon Books, 2013) Merism in the Bible It may very well be that the Bible, as organized, functions as a merism, beginning in Genesis with Eden lost and ending in Revelation with the New Jerusalem gained, these two referring to the entirety of human history and representing the Alpha and Omega (Rev. 21.6) of Gods sovereignty. Revelation 11.17 extends merism to the triadic one who is, was, and is coming. Finally, while it may be to stretch a point, it might be said that the Old Testament and the New Testament form a merism that represent all of Gods word and the Bible as totality. (Jeanie C. Crain, Reading the Bible as Literature: An Introduction. Polity Press, 2010) Here and There, Now and Then Personal now refers to the moment of utterance (or to some period of time which contains the moment of utterance). The complementary demonstrative adverbs there and then are negatively defined in relation to here and now: there means not-here and then means not-now. (John Lyons, Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 1995)